CURIOSITY / REAL-WORLD PROBLEM
↓
DOMAIN IDENTIFICATION
(Discipline & Sub-discipline)
↓
KNOWLEDGE CONTEXT
(What is already known?)
↓
┌───────────────┐
│ LITERATURE ORIENTATION
│ • Key theories
│ • Seminal works
│ • Schools of thought
│ • Debates & contradictions
└───────────────┘
↓
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS
(How knowledge is viewed?)
↓
┌───────────────────────┐
│ ONTOLOGY (Nature of reality)
│ • Objectivism
│ • Subjectivism
│
│ EPISTEMOLOGY (Nature of knowledge)
│ • Positivism
│ • Interpretivism
│ • Critical realism
│ • Pragmatism
│
│ AXIOLOGY (Role of values)
│ • Value-free
│ • Value-laden
└───────────────────────┘
↓
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
(Why phenomena occur?)
↓
┌─────────────────────┐
│ • Existing theories
│ • Conceptual lenses
│ • Interdisciplinary borrowing
│ • Theoretical gaps
└─────────────────────┘
↓
PROBLEM FORMULATION
(What exactly is the issue?)
↓
┌──────────────────────┐
│ • Research problem statement
│ • Research gap identification
│ • Justification & significance
└──────────────────────┘
↓
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES & QUESTIONS
(What will be answered?)
↓
┌──────────────────────┐
│ • Research objectives
│ • Research questions
│ • Propositions / Hypotheses (if applicable)
└──────────────────────┘
↓
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
(How concepts relate?)
↓
┌──────────────────────┐
│ • Key constructs
│ • Expected relationships
│ • Mediators / Moderators
│ • Boundary conditions
└──────────────────────┘
↓
ASSUMPTIONS & SCOPE
(What is taken as given?)
↓
┌──────────────────────┐
│ • Theoretical assumptions
│ • Contextual boundaries
│ • Unit of reasoning
└──────────────────────┘
↓
ETHICS & INTEGRITY FOUNDATIONS
(Should this research be done?)
↓
┌──────────────────────┐
│ • Academic honesty
│ • Plagiarism avoidance
│ • Ethical approval
│ • Responsible research principles
└──────────────────────┘
↓
FOUNDATION READINESS CHECK
(Ready for design stage)
Click here for Research Design
How do we believe knowledge is created?
Includes:
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Positivism
-
Interpretivism
-
Critical Realism
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Pragmatism
-
Constructivism
It Comes BEFORE research design
How theory and data interact?
Includes:
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Deductive
-
Inductive
-
Abductive
Often confused with design — but conceptually distinct.